What were these scientists trying to do before 2001, and what are they trying to do now? 


before 2001  The Human Genome Project launched in 1990, through funding from the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) and Department of Energy, whose labs joined with international collaborators and resolved to sequence 95% of the DNA in human cells in just 15 years.




What are the potential benefits to science, medicine, and human life?


The potential for commercial development of genomics research presents U.S. industry with a wealth of opportunities, and sales of DNA-based products and technologies in the biotechnology industry are projected to exceed $45 billion by 2009  




How do the goals and scientific approaches of the publicly funded universities working on this project differ from those of the privately-funded research companies that are also involved?


The Human Genome Project could not have been completed as quickly and as effectively without the strong participation of international institutions. In the United States, contributors to the effort include the National Institutes of Health (NIH), which began participation in 1988 when it created the Office for Human Genome Research, later upgraded to the National Center for Human Genome Research in 1990 and then the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) in 1997; and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), where HGP discussions began as early as 1984. 




Is this evidence as straightforward and clear-cut as the popular press often implies?  


yes








How could making your personal DNA information publicly available be harmful to you?  


someone could steal it and use it for the wrng thing or your DNA info could get tampered with.








What are some sex-linked traits that you found especially interesting?


fragile-X syndrome
 Haemophilia
albinism 






 What specifically do the authors of these sites suggest that individuals who carry the genes for these traits do to avoid having children who will inherit them?


Scientist recommend the parent gets tested and get checked out by a doctor.










Search the Internet for information about the epigenome of humans.  Who is doing research in this new area and what are they focusing on?

Heredity WebQuest Blog

Heredity WebQuest Blog

What were these scientists trying to do before 2001, and what are they trying to do now? 

Before the year 2001, scientist were:

• identify all the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA,
• determine the sequences of the 3 billion chemical base pairs that make up human DNA,
• store this information in databases,
• improve tools for data analysis,
• transfer related technologies to the private sector, and
• address the ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI) that may arise from the project.

http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/project/about.shtml

project video questions

1. what is osmosis?
the process of small molecules crossing a semi-permeable membrane of water molecules from high to low concentration.

2. what is diffusion?
the movement of molecules from high to low concentration.

3. what is the difference between the two?
osmosis only lets water molecules go from high to low concentration and
diffusion lets small simple molecules go through from high to low concentration.

4. Is energy used in either process?
no energy is not need in either process only if the cell is moving materials across the membrane using an active transport that requires energy.

5. what is a concentration gradient? give an example.
the gradual difference in concentration of a dissolved substance ina solution between a region of high density and one of lower density. 
EX:skunk stink
when a person gets closer the stink gets stronger so the "stink molecules" are more highly concentrated closer to the source.

6. How do the terms solute and solvent fit in learning about osmosis and diffusion?
solute is the substance being dissolved while the solvent is in charge of dissolving and osmosis and diffusion are somewhat similar.

7. Is water always a solvent ?why or why not?
yes because the solvent dissolves so in order for it to do that it needs water.

project video questions

 1.What causes diffusion?
A. random movements of molecules

2.What is a semi-permeable membrane?
A.a membrane that allows some molecules to go through but not others

3.What drives diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane?
c. difference in water concentration

4.Osmosis is
e. a,c, and d

5.water will flow into the beaker that contains higher sugar concentration until
d. The membrane is saturated with water

 6. If you have two beakers connected by a semipermeable membrane, describe why the volume of water would be greater on the side of the membrane that has more sugar. Use several short sentences.


the water molecules go from higher concentration to lower concentration.

osmosis project notes

Osmosis” is the process by which small molecules automatically cross a semi-permeable membrane, compensating for a difference in the concentration of those molecules on either side of the membrane.                                                                                                                       




When you put an animal or plant cell into a liquid containing water one of three things will happen.

1. If the medium surrounding the cell has a higher water concentration than the cell (a very dilute solution) the cell will gain water by osmosis.
   
   Water molecules are free to pass across the cell membrane in both directions, but more water will come into the cell than will leave. The net (overall) result is that water enters the cell. The cell is likely to swell up.
2. If the medium is exactly the same water concentration as the cell there will be no net movement of water across the cell membrane.
   
   Water crosses the cell membrane in both directions, but the amount going in is the same as the amount going out, so there is no overall movement of water. The cell will stay the same size.
3. If the medium has a lower concentration of water than the cell (a very concentrated solution) the cell will lose water by osmosis.
   
   Again, water crosses the cell membrane in both directions, but this time more water leaves the cell than enters it. Therefore the cell will shrink.

Osmosis is a special case of diffusion. In this case, a large molecule like starch is dissolved in water. The starch molecule is too large to pass through the pores in the cell membrane, so it cannot diffuse from one side of the membrane to the other. The water molecules can, and do, pass through the membrane. Hence the membrane is said to be semipermeable, since it allows some molecules to pass through but not others. However, on the side of the membrane with the starch, the starch molecules interfere with the movement of the water molecules, preventing them from leaving as rapidly as they enter. Thus, more water flows into the side with the starch than flows out, and the starch gets diluted.

If the starch (or some other large molecule like a protein) is in a cell, the water moves into the cell faster than it leaves, and the cell swells. The cell membrane acts somewhat like a balloon, and if too much water enters the cell, the cell can burst, which kills the cell. So cells usually have some kind of mechanism for preventing too much water from entering or pumping the water out or simply making a tough outer coat that will not rupture.Things are more difficult when the starch or other large molecule is on the outside of the cell. Then the cell loses water faster than it comes in, and the cell shrinks, which might not be too bad except that the cell needs the water for the chemical reactions that take place inside that keep it alive. There are other ways that cells use to move materials across the cell membrane, most of which involve active transport, requiring the use of energy. The cell membrane also has other functions besides controlling the movement of materials into and out of the cell, and the membranes of specialized cells have very complex functions. So we see that the cell membrane is a very intricate and important component of the cell. 

11/18/11 CELLS

Today we learned about the different types of kingdoms Archeabacteria , Eubacteria , Anamalia , Plantae , Fungi , and Protista . Many of these kingdoms are either Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic . Like Anamalia the animal kingdom is Eukaryotic and its multicellular meaning it contains more han one cell. Animals reproduce sexually and they ingest their food . A cool fact to know about animals is that 5% of them are called vertebrates . Their was one kingdom I found mostly interesting it was the Fungi kingdom this kingdom is Eukaryotic and is Multicellular . Fungi reproduce sexually and Asexually but they mostly reproduce Asexually.Fungi are autotrophic meaning they self-nourish themselves by using inorganic materials and use photosynthesis for energy.

A cool thing to know about Fungi is that mushrooms can reproduce both sexually and Asexually. The Fungi kingdom is related to the animal kingdom more than it relates to the plant kingdom .